Helper T - Cell Marker : CD 4

A CD4 helper T cell is a white blood cell and T lymphocyte expressing the CD4 receptor that recognizes antigen presented on MHC class II. It coordinates adaptive immunity by releasing cytokines and activating B cells, cytotoxic T cells and macrophages. CD4 cells are essential for effective immune responses and are depleted in HIV infection, increasing susceptibility to other infections.

CD45 is a pan‑leukocyte surface protein expressed on essentially all nucleated blood cells, including T cells, B cells, NK cells, monocytes and granulocytes. It therefore appears on T cells but is not T‑cell‑specific. Isoforms such as CD45RA and CD45RO are commonly used to differentiate naïve versus memory T‑cell subsets in clinical and research settings.

Helper T cells are defined by the CD4 surface marker. CD4 is a co-receptor that binds MHC class II on antigen-presenting cells, enabling helper T cells to recognize antigen and coordinate immune responses by activating B cells, cytotoxic T cells, and macrophages. Measurement of CD4 counts is used clinically to assess immune function, especially in HIV infection.

Normal CD4 (helper T‑cell) counts are generally about 500–1,500 cells per microliter (cells/µL or cells/mm³). CD4 percentage of total lymphocytes usually ranges from roughly 30–60%. Counts below about 200 cells/µL indicate severe immunosuppression risk, while values above 500 are considered within the typical healthy range. Individual labs’ reference ranges may vary slightly.

Helper T cells are CD4+ white blood cells that coordinate adaptive immune responses. They recognize antigens presented on MHC class II molecules and release cytokines to activate B cells, cytotoxic T cells, and macrophages, promoting antibody production, cell-mediated killing, and immune memory. Loss or dysfunction of helper T cells, as seen in HIV, severely impairs the immune system.

Some T cells are CD4 positive, but not all. CD4 is a surface co-receptor found mainly on helper T cells (and many regulatory T cells) that coordinate immune responses. Other T cells, such as cytotoxic T cells, express CD8 instead. During thymic development there are also double-positive and double-negative thymocytes, so CD4 expression depends on T-cell subset and developmental stage.