A testicle (scrotal) ultrasound uses sound waves to image the testicles and surrounding structures. It evaluates causes of pain, swelling or lumps, checks for fluid collections (hydrocele), varicoceles, tumors, infection or torsion, and assesses blood flow. It also helps investigate infertility or undescended testicles and guides procedures. The exam is noninvasive, fast and usually painless.

A Doppler test for male infertility is a scrotal ultrasound using Doppler sound-wave imaging to evaluate blood flow in the testes, epididymis and spermatic cord. It noninvasively detects varicoceles, reduced testicular perfusion, torsion or vascular abnormalities that can impair sperm production. The outpatient scan is painless, quick, and helps guide further fertility evaluation and treatment.

Yes—scrotal Doppler ultrasound is the preferred initial test for suspected testicular rupture. It can show tunica albuginea discontinuity, irregular testicular contour, heterogeneous echotexture and associated hematocele; color Doppler evaluates perfusion. Sensitivity is high but not perfect; if imaging is inconclusive or rupture is strongly suspected clinically, urgent urology referral and surgical exploration are recommended.

Normal testicle size varies with age. Prepubertal boys usually have volumes under 3 mL. Puberty starts when testicular volume exceeds about 3 mL and progresses (Tanner stage 3 about 10 mL, stage 4 about 16 mL). Adult testes are typically 15–25 mL (about 3–5 cm long). See a clinician for pain, lumps, marked asymmetry, or persistently small/large testes.

Doppler ultrasound visualizes and measures blood flow within arteries and veins, showing direction, speed and flow patterns. It detects narrowed or blocked vessels, blood clots, valve incompetence, aneurysms and abnormal fetal/placental circulation. Waveform and velocity data quantify severity of stenosis or reflux, guide diagnosis and treatment, and monitor vascular conditions or fetal well‑being.

A standard semen analysis is the single best initial test for male fertility, assessing sperm count, concentration, motility, morphology, volume and vitality. Depending on results, additional investigations—hormone tests (FSH, LH, testosterone), genetic testing, scrotal ultrasound and specialist review—may be recommended to identify underlying causes and guide treatment. Timing, a recommended 2–7 day abstinence period, and repeat testing improve accuracy.